Voir la source de Systemd/Migration

systemd is a system and service manager for Linux, compatible with SysV and LSB init scripts. systemd provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux cgroups, supports snapshotting and restoring of the system state, maintains mount and automount points and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic. It can work as a drop-in replacement for sysvinit.  For more information,  watch the video at http://linuxconfau.blip.tv/file/4696791/ or http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyMLi8QF6sw

{{admon/note|For system administrators| 
System administrators can visit [[SysVinit_to_Systemd_Cheatsheet| this page]], to understand how to use the native <code>systemctl</code> calls that replace their old workflow in SysVinit. Note that the <code>service</code> and <code>chkconfig</code> commands will continue to work as expected in the '''systemd''' world.}}

== Why systemd?  ==

http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/why.html

== Introduction ==

systemd starts up and supervises the entire system and is based around the notion of ''units'' composed of a name and a type and matching a configuration file with the same name and type (e.g. a unit avahi.service has a configuration file with the same name and is a unit encapsulating the Avahi daemon). There are seven different types of units:

# <code>service</code>: these are the most obvious kind of unit: daemons that can be started, stopped, restarted, reloaded. 
# <code>socket</code>: this unit encapsulates a socket in the file-system or on the Internet. systemd currently support AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX sockets of the types stream, datagram, and sequential packet. It can also support classic FIFOs as transport. Each socket unit has a matching service unit, that is started if the first connection comes in on the socket or FIFO (e.g. nscd.socket starts nscd.service on an incoming connection).
# <code>device</code>: this unit encapsulates a device in the Linux device tree. If a device is marked for this via udev rules, it will be exposed as a device unit in systemd. Properties set with udev can be used as configuration source to set dependencies for device units.
# <code>mount</code>: this unit encapsulates a mount point in the file system hierarchy.
# <code>automount</code>: this unit type encapsulates an automount point in the file system hierarchy. Each automount unit has a matching mount unit, which is started (i.e. mounted) as soon as the automount directory is accessed.
# <code>target</code>: this unit type is used for logical grouping of units: instead of actually doing anything by itself it simply references other units, which thereby can be controlled together. (e.g. multi-user.target, which is a target that basically plays the role of run-level 5 on classic SysV system; or bluetooth.target which is requested as soon as a bluetooth dongle becomes available and which simply pulls in bluetooth related services that otherwise would not need to be started: bluetoothd and obexd and suchlike).
# <code>snapshot</code>: similar to target units snapshots do not actually do anything themselves and their only purpose is to reference other units.

== systemd documentation ==

systemd has very comprehensive documentation.  Refer to 

http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd-docs.html


== systemd features == 

'''systemd''' provides the following:

* aggressive parallelization capabilities using socket: To speed up the entire boot and start more processes in parallel, systemd creates the listening sockets before actually starting the daemon, and then just passes the socket to it. All sockets for all daemons are created in one step in the init system, and then in a second step run all daemons at once. If a service needs another, and it is not fully started up, what will happen is that the connection is queued in the providing service and the client will potentially block on that single request. But only that one client will block and only on that one request. Also, dependencies between services no longer have to be configured to allow proper parallelized start-up: starting all sockets at once and a service needing another, it surely can connect to its socket.

* D-Bus activation for starting services: Using bus activation, a service can be started the first time it is accessed. Bus activation also gives the minimal per-request synchronisation needed for starting up the providers and the consumers of D-Bus services at the same time: starting a service at the same time as another, if one is quicker, than via the bus activation logic the D-Bus queues the request until the other manages to establish its service name.
 
* offers on-demand starting of daemons 

* keeps track of processes using Linux [http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt cgroups]: Every executed process gets its own cgroup and it is very easy to configure systemd to place services in cgroups that have been configured externally, for example via the libcgroups utilities.

* supports snapshotting and restoring of the system state: Snapshots can be used to save/rollback the state of all services and units of the init system. Primarily it has two intended use cases: to allow the user to temporarily enter a specific state such as "Emergency Shell", terminating current services, and provide an easy way to return to the state before, pulling up all services again that got temporarily pulled down.
  
* maintains mount and automount points: Systemd monitors all mount points how they come and go, and can also be used to mount or unmount mount-points. /etc/fstab can be used here as an additional configuration source for these mount points. Using the <code>comment=</code> fstab option you can even mark <code>/etc/fstab</code> entries to become systemd controlled automount points.. 
 
* implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic: Systemd supports several kinds of dependencies between services (or units), using ''After''/''Before'', ''Requires'' and ''Wants'' options in the unit configuration files to fix the ordering how units are activated. ''Requires'' and ''Wants'', express a positive requirement dependency, either mandatory, or optional. There is ''Conflicts'' which expresses a negative requirement dependency, and others less used. As a transactional control, if a unit is requested to start up or shut down, systemd will add it and all its dependencies to a temporary transaction, verifing if the transaction is consistent (or the ordering via After/Before of all units is cycle-free). If it is not, systemd will try to fix it up, and removes non-essential jobs from the transaction that might remove the loop.

and:

* For each process spawned, it controls: The environment, resource limits, working and root directory, umask, OOM killer adjustment, nice level, IO class and priority, CPU policy and priority, CPU affinity, timer slack, user id, group id, supplementary group ids, readable/writable/inaccessible directories, shared/private/slave mount flags, capabilities/bounding set, secure bits, CPU scheduler reset of fork, private /tmp name-space, cgroup control for various subsystems. Also, you can easily connect <code>stdin/stdout/stderr</code> of services to <code>syslog</code>, <code>/dev/kmsg</code>, arbitrary TTYs. If connected to a TTY for input systemd will make sure a process gets exclusive access, optionally waiting or enforcing it.

* The native configuration files use a syntax that closely follows the well-known <code>.desktop</code> files: It is a simple syntax for which parsers exist already in many software frameworks. Also, this allows to rely on existing tools for i18n for service descriptions, and similar, without for admins the need to learn a new syntax.

{{admon/note|systemadm |
There's a minimal UI, <code>systemadm</code> that allows to start/stop/introspect services.  It is part of the systemd-gtk package It's a work in progress and is not functional yet, but useful as a debugging tool. It's written in Vala.  Do not use it for now unless you are a developer}}

(... and more advanced)

* Compatibility with SysV init scripts: It takes advantages of LSB and Red Hat chkconfig headers if they are available, if not, it uses otherwise available information, such as the start priorities in /etc/rc.d. These init scripts are simply considered a different source of configuration, easing the upgrade path to proper systemd services. 

* /etc/fstab configuration file: it just another source of configuration. Using the comment= fstab option it is possible to mark /etc/fstab entries to become systemd controlled automount points.

* Support a simple templating/instance mechanism: For example, instead of having six configuration files for six gettys, it has only one getty@.service file which gets instantiated to getty@tty2.service and suchlike. The interface part can even be inherited by dependency expressions, i.e. it is easy to encode that a service dhcpcd@eth0.service pulls in avahi-autoipd@eth0.service, while leaving the eth0 string wild-carded.

* Compatibility, to a certain extent, with <code>/dev/initctl</code>. This compatibility is in fact implemented with a FIFO-activated service, which simply translates these legacy requests to D-Bus requests. Effectively this means the old shutdown, poweroff and similar commands from Upstart and sysvinit continue to work with systemd.

* Compatibility with <code>utmp</code> and <code>wtmp</code> (To an extent that is far more than healthy, given how crufty <code>utmp</code> and <code>wtmp</code> today are).

For all details view [http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html A short list of other features] on the developer blog.

== Tools == 

* <code>systemctl</code>: used to introspect and control the state of the systemd system and service manager
* <code>systemd-cgls</code>: recursively shows the contents of the selected Linux control group hierarchy in a tree 
* <code>systemadm</code>: a graphical frontend for the systemd system and service manager that allows introspection and control of systemd.  Part of the systemd-gtk page.  This is a early version and needs more work.  Do not use it for now unless you are a developer.  

View the man pages for more details.

== Boot Kernel Command Line ==

On boot '''systemd''' activates (by default), the target unit ''default.target'' whose job is to activate services and other units by pulling them in via dependencies. 

To override the unit to activate, '''systemd''' parses its own kernel command line arguments via the <code>systemd.unit=</code> command line option. This may be used to temporarily boot into a different boot unit. The classical run-levels are replaced as following: 

<code>systemd.unit=rescue.target</code> is a special target unit for setting up the base system and a rescue shell (similar to run level 1); <code>systemd.unit=emergency.target</code>, is very similar to passing <code>init=/bin/sh</code> but with the option to boot the full system from there; <code>systemd.unit=multi-user.target</code> for setting up a non-graphical multi-user system; <code>systemd.unit=graphical.target</code> for setting up a graphical login screen.

For details about these special systemd boot units, view the man <code>systemd.special</code> page.

== What is the status of systemd in Fedora? ==

Fedora 14 featured it is a technology preview.  It is the default in Fedora 15 and above replacing Upstart.  

== Has all legacy System V init files been converted to systemd service files or equivalent? ==

Many of the core services (/lib/systemd/system has them and you can check status at http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/User:Johannbg/QA/Systemd/compatability) have been converted but not all of them yet.  The transition is planned for Fedora 16.  Details at http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/SysVtoSystemd.  systemd is fully compatible with the legacy init scripts 

== What is the tool to manage services with systemd? ==

systemctl is the primary tool to use.  It combines the functionality of both service and chkconfig into a single tool that you can use for instance to enable/disable services permanently or only for the current session.  

list all running services etc:

<pre> systemctl </pre>  

Refer to man systemctl for more details.  systemd-cgls lists the running process in a tree format. It can recursively show the content of any given control group.  Refer to man systemd-cgls for more details. 

==  How do I start/stop or enable/disable services?  ==

Activates a service immediately:

<pre>  systemctl start foo.service </pre>    

Deactivates a service immediately: 

<pre>  systemctl stop foo.service </pre>  

Restarts a service:

<pre> systemctl restart foo.service </pre> 

Shows status of a service including whether it is running or not:

<pre> systemctl status foo.service </pre>  

Enables a service to be started on bootup:

<pre> systemctl enable foo.service </pre> 

Disables a service to not start during bootup:

<pre> systemctl disable foo.service </pre> 

Check whether a service is already enabled or not:

<pre> systemctl is-enabled foo.service; echo $? </pre>

0 indicates that it is enabled, and 1 indicates that it is disabled. In Fedora 17, in addition to the return code, "enabled" or "disabled" will be printed to stdout.

Refer to man systemctl for more details.

== How do I change the runlevel? ==

systemd has the concept of targets which is a more flexible replacement for runlevels in sysvinit.  

Run level 3 is emulated by multi-user.target. Run level 5 is emulated by graphical.target.   runlevel3.target is a symbolic link to multi-user.target and runlevel5.target is a symbolic link to graphical.target. 

You can switch to 'runlevel 3' by running 

<pre> systemctl isolate multi-user.target (or) systemctl isolate runlevel3.target </pre> 

You can switch to 'runlevel 5' by running 

<pre> systemctl isolate graphical.target (or) systemctl isolate runlevel5.target </pre>

== How do I change the default runlevel? ==

systemd uses symlinks to point to the default runlevel.  You have to delete the existing symlink first before creating a new one

<pre> rm /etc/systemd/system/default.target </pre>

Switch to runlevel 3 by default

<pre> ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target </pre>

Switch to runlevel 5 by default

<pre> ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target </pre>

systemd does not use /etc/inittab file.

== How do I know the current run level? ==

runlevel command still works with systemd.  You can continue using that however runlevels is a legacy concept in systemd and is emulated via 'targets' and multiple targets can be active at the same time. So the equivalent in systemd terms is

<pre> systemctl list-units --type=target </pre>

== How to power off the machine ? ==
You can use
<pre>
poweroff
</pre>

Some more possibilities are: <code>halt -p</code>, <code>init 0</code>, <code>shutdown -P now</code>

Note that <code>halt</code> used to work the same as <code>poweroff</code> in previous Fedora releases, but systemd distinguishes between the two, so <code>halt</code> without parameters now does exactly what it says - it merely stops the system without turning it off.

== Does service command work with systemd? ==

Yes.  It has been modified to call systemctl automatically when dealing with systemd service files.  So either of the following commands does the same thing

<pre> service NetworkManager stop </pre>

(or)

<pre> systemctl stop NetworkManager.service </pre>

== Does chkconfig command work with systemd? ==

Yes,  for turning on/off services,  compatibility has been provided both ways.  chkconfig has been modified to call systemctl when dealing with systemd service files.  Also systemctl automatically calls chkconfig when dealing with a traditional sysv init file.  

So either of the following commands does the same thing

<pre> chkconfig NetworkManager off </pre>

(or)

<pre> systemctl disable NetworkManager.service </pre>

chkconfig --list doesn't list systemd services, only Sys V services.  The output of chkconfig takes note of this, along with supplying additional information.

== Does system-config-services work with systemd? ==

The Fedora 15 or above version of system-config-services can cope with systemd service files. If you have problems, file a bug report. 

== How do I change the number of gettys running by default? ==

To add another getty:

Simply place another symlink for instantiating another getty in the getty.target.wants/ directory:

<pre>
ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@tty9.service
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start getty@tty9.service
</pre>

To remove a getty:

Simply remove the getty symlinks you want to get rid of in the getty.target.wants/ directory:

<pre>
rm /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@tty5.service /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@tty6.service
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl stop getty@tty5.service getty@tty6.service
</pre>

systemd does not use /etc/inittab file.

== How do I set automatic login on a virtual console terminal? ==

First create a new service similar to getty@.service:

<pre>
# cp /lib/systemd/system/getty@.service \
     /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service
# ln -s /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service \
        /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@tty8.service
</pre>

then edit ExecStart, Restart and Alias values, like this:

<pre>
...
ExecStart=-/sbin/mingetty --autologin USERNAME %I
Restart=no
...
Alias=getty.target.wants/getty@tty8.service
</pre>

and finally reload daemon and start the service:
<pre>
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start getty@tty8.service
</pre>

Note that if you exit tty8 session, you wont be able to use it until next reboot or manual start by systemctl, except if you leave Restart as ‘always’, but I highly recommend to avoid this according to security reasons.

== How do I customize a unit file/ add a custom unit file? ==

The unit files in /etc/systemd/system have a higher precedence over unit files in /lib/systemd/system.  Copy them from the latter to the former and customize it as per your requirements.   

If a line starts with <code>.include</code> followed by a file name, the specified file will be parsed at this point. Make sure that the file that is included has the appropiate section headers before any directives.

You should use <code>.include</code> statement instead of copying the whole unit file from /lib/systemd/system to /etc/systemd/system if possible. This will enable to update the unchanged directives correctly during future package updates. 

Be careful when using <code>.include</code> together with directives that can be defined multiple times (like <code>EnvironmentFile=</code>), since we can only add new directives, but we can't remove already defined ones. We have to copy the whole file from /lib/systemd/system to /etc/systemd/system in this case.

Let's say we use a lighttpd server and we want to lower its niceness value. All we need to do is to add <code>Nice=-5</code> to the lighttpd.service file. We can do this by either copying the whole file from /lib/systemd/system/lighttpd.service to /etc/systemd/system/lighttpd.service or creating the following file in /etc/systemd/system/lighttpd.service:

<pre>
.include /lib/systemd/system/lighttpd.service 
[Service]
Nice=-5
</pre>

Don't forget to reload systemd daemon using <code>systemctl daemon-reload</code> after editing a unit file.


{{admon/note|When modifying an unit that has an symlink pointing to that unit for example like the display-manager.service -> prefdm.service does, the symlink should be copied instead of the actual unit as in display-manager.service should be copied to the /etc/systemd/system directory or a new unit created with .includes that bears that name .}}

== How do I debug systemd issues? ==

Refer to [[How_to_debug_Systemd_problems]]

= Readahead =

systemd has a built-in readahead implementation which is not enabled on upgrades. It should improve bootup speed but your mileage may vary depending on your hardware.  To enable it:

<pre>
systemctl enable systemd-readahead-collect.service
systemctl enable systemd-readahead-replay.service
</pre>

= Warnings on separate /usr partition =

Refer to http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/separate-usr-is-broken and http://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/tree/README for details. 

= Man pages =

systemd comes with extensive documentation including several man pages.  The web version is at

http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/

= References =

* http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/  -  Lennart's blog has lots of information about systemd. Lennart is the primary systemd developer
* http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/FrequentlyAskedQuestions
* http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/TipsAndTricks
* [https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/systemd Features Fedora 15:systemd]
* [http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd Project homepage] 
* [http://fosdem.org/2011/interview/lennart-poettering.html Interview with the developer]
* [http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt cgroups]